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Background & objectives: COVID-19 has been a global pandemic since early 2020. It has diverse clinical manifestations, but consistent immunological and metabolic correlates of disease severity and protection are not clear. This study was undertaken to compare seropositivity rate, antibody levels against nucleocapsid and spike proteins, virus neutralization and metabolites between adult and child COVID-19 patients. Methods: Plasma samples from naïve control (n=14) and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR positive COVID-19 participants (n=132) were tested for reactivity with nucleocapsid and spike proteins by ELISA, neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in Vero cells and metabolites by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results: An ELISA platform was developed using nucleocapsid and spike proteins for COVID-19 serosurvey. The participants showed greater seropositivity for nucleocapsid (72%) than spike (55.3%), and males showed higher seropositivity than females for both the proteins. Antibody levels to both the proteins were higher in intensive care unit (ICU) than ward patients. Children showed lower seropositivity and antibody levels than adults. In contrast to ICU adults (81.3%), ICU children (33.3%) showed lower seropositivity for spike. Notably, the neutralization efficiency correlated with levels of anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. The levels of plasma metabolites were perturbed differentially in COVID-19 patients as compared with the naive controls. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results reflect the complexity of human immune response and metabolome to SARS-CoV-2 infection. While innate and cellular immune responses are likely to be a major determinant of disease severity and protection, antibodies to multiple viral proteins likely affect COVID-19 pathogenesis. In children, not adults, lower seropositivity rate for spike was associated with disease severity
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Background & objectives: The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has been a threat to humankind due to the rapid spread of infection and appearance of multiple new variants. In the present study, we report the dynamics and persistence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients by chemiluminescent assay. Methods: A total of 463 serum samples from 218 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients were collected over a period of 124 days post-onset of disease (POD). Antibody levels were measured by chemiluminescence bioanalyzer. Neutralizing antibody titres were assessed by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for SARS-CoV-2. Results: Both IgM and IgG started appearing from day five post-infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. IgM antibody response peaked around day 35 POD and rapidly diminished thereafter, with the last IgM-positive sample observed at 90 days POD. IgG antibody response peaked around 45 days POD and persisted till 124 days. The chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) results showed a moderate correlation (R=0.5846, P<0.001) compared with PRNT. Additional analysis indicated a neutralizing titre of 250 corresponded to 12.948 AU/ml of YHLO iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgG units. Interpretation & conclusions: Both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients seem to initiate production of antibody responses from day five of onset of disease. Although the CLIA gives high sensitivity and specificity and also its binding IgG antibody titres may correlate moderately with protective immunity, our results indicate that the values of binding antibody alone may not be a perfect guide to represent virus neutralization titre during donor selection for plasma therapy. However, IgM and IgG antibody detection may help in monitoring the status of disease progression and burden in the community.
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@#There are many infectious animal diseases in Turkey and generally, vaccination is the primarly control strategy to combat them. However, it is difficult to apply all vaccines in a definite period in the field due to limitations of the labor and finance. Rapid vaccination and effective use of labor can be possible with the help of simultaneous vaccine administrations. The study aims to show the effects of simultaneous foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), sheep pox and goat pox (SGP), and bluetongue (BT) vaccine administration on the antibody response of sheep. For this aim, 30 sheep were divided into one experiment and 5 control groups. Blood samples were collected in each group at 0, 30 and 60 days post-vaccination (DPV). Immune response was measured with virus neutralization test (VNT) and, liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) for FMDV; VNT for BTV and PPR. A live virus challenge study was performed to determine the immune response of SGP vaccine. As a result, antibody titers for each vaccine agent decreased on 60 DPV with the simultaneous vaccination except FMD. The difference between means of antibody titer decrease with single and simultaneous vaccinations is significant especially for BTV and PPR vaccines at 60DPV (p<0.05). Briefly, this decreasing immune response of three live vaccines can be explained with the development of the interference, administration of these vaccines from the same injection site, the effect of cytokines, especially IL-10 effect of SGP vaccine. It was concluded that four vaccines can not be used simultaneously in sheep.
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Abstract Among the microorganisms that make up the intestinal microbiota, stands out Escherichia coli, which has as main ecological niche, the large human intestine. Its importance stands out in being part of the pioneer's commensal microorganisms on the colonization of the intestinal mucosa and its pathogenic role causing extra and intra intestinal diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibody production and proliferative response of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) to E. coli antigens. The bacteria were grown on Brain Heart Infusion broth medium at 35 ºC for 72 hours. Pellet bacteria were lysed for one hour at room temperature with an 8M sodium guanidine solution. After spin and dialysis, the protein antigens were measured in the supernatant by protein assay. The antigens were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the antigenic profile by western blotting. The presence of specific IgG and IgA antibodies were evaluated using thirty normal human sera by an indirect ELISA. The response of PBMC to E. coli antigens was assessed by MTT metabolization. The results demonstrated that the antigens were composed of proteins of different sizes and they were recognized by antibodies present in normal human serum. Human sera presented high titers of IgG and IgA antibodies to E. coli antigens when compared to the results of lipopolysaccharide. We also showed that total E. coli antigens induced PBMC proliferation at different antigen concentrations. Taken together the results suggest that the antigens from E. coli can induce local and systemic immune responses.
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To investigate Phlebotomus (P.) sergenti Parrot, 1917 (Diptera: Psychodidae) salivary gland antigens and their immune response in human. Methods: Human volunteers were exposed to sand flies' bites in the laboratory, and following each exposure the size of induration was recorded. The mean protein concentration of salivary gland lysate and specific anti-P. sergenti saliva IgG was measured. Sand fly salivary proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and their immunoreactivity was examined by Western blotting assays. Results: Individuals exposed to P. sergenti salivary gland lysate for 8 months showed both antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity responses, although exposure for one month did not provoke any immune responses. The trend of antibody fluctuated during the exposure time and dropped by the end of antigen loading. The mean protein content was (0.36?0.08) ug in each pair salivary glands. Salivary gland lysate showed 11 to 12 major protein bands and 3 to 6 of them were immunoreactive. Conclusions: Our study showed that the salivary gland components of P. sergenti provoked both cellular and humoral immune responses in human. Furthermore, there are some immunogenic proteins in P. sergenti saliva which could be subjected for further investigation as vector-based vaccine candidate/s against anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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To investigate Phlebotomus (P.) sergenti Parrot, 1917 (Diptera: Psychodidae) salivary gland antigens and their immune response in human. Methods: Human volunteers were exposed to sand flies' bites in the laboratory, and following each exposure the size of induration was recorded. The mean protein concentration of salivary gland lysate and specific anti-P. sergenti saliva IgG was measured. Sand fly salivary proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and their immunoreactivity was examined by Western blotting assays. Results: Individuals exposed to P. sergenti salivary gland lysate for 8 months showed both antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity responses, although exposure for one month did not provoke any immune responses. The trend of antibody fluctuated during the exposure time and dropped by the end of antigen loading. The mean protein content was (0.36?0.08) ug in each pair salivary glands. Salivary gland lysate showed 11 to 12 major protein bands and 3 to 6 of them were immunoreactive. Conclusions: Our study showed that the salivary gland components of P. sergenti provoked both cellular and humoral immune responses in human. Furthermore, there are some immunogenic proteins in P. sergenti saliva which could be subjected for further investigation as vector-based vaccine candidate/s against anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Abstract Accurate and rapid diagnostic tools are important aspects of managing tuberculosis (TB) cases appropriately. However, the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic kits based on immune response such as the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) are still debated. Thus, the exploration and assessment of specific biomarker-targeted antibodies are needed for the development of an accurate and rapid diagnostic tool. The present study was conducted in patients with a respiratory problem suspected to be TB at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Among 102 patients tested by GeneXpert and AFB, 59 serum samples were from cases retrospectively determined to have active TB. A total of 102 serum of healthy controls (HC) was also collected. The PPD antigen and the recombinant CFP-10 and ESAT-6 proteins were prepared. Antibody responses against these proteins were evaluated by ELISA. All samples were also screened for the possibility of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection using Capilla MaC kit. The results showed that TB patients had a significantly higher concentration of IgG antibody in response to PPD than the HC. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that PPD was acceptable for diagnostic purposes with an AUC value of 0.835 (95% CI 0.770-0.900, p < 0.0001). However, ESAT-6 and CFP-10 had low AUCs, and 32 samples from both groups showed a low concentration of IgA antibody against all antigens. The MAC detection results also showed that the concentration of IgA in the HC group was the highest. The current results indicate that PPD is a better antigen for antibody-based detection of TB than ESAT-6 and CFP-10. Based on the MAC detection assay, 53 people in the HC group were probably infected with rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), although antibody response to PPD was low.
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Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Bacterial Proteins/immunology , Tuberculin/immunology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , Antibody Formation/immunology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology , Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Reference Values , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/blood , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Tuberculin Test , Case-Control Studies , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Statistics, Nonparametric , IndonesiaABSTRACT
Both Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are important apicomplexan parasites, which infect humans worldwide. Genetic analyses have revealed that 33% of amino acid sequences of inner membrane complex from the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei is similar to that of Toxoplasma gondii. Inner membrane complex is known to be involved in cell invasion and replication. In this study, we investigated the resistance against T. gondii (ME49) infection induced by previously infected P. berghei (ANKA) in mice. Levels of T. gondii-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibody responses, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations were found higher in the mice infected with P. berghei (ANKA) and challenged with T. gondii (ME49) compared to that in control mice infected with T. gondii alone (ME49). P. berghei (ANKA) + T. gondii (ME49) group showed significantly reduced the number and size of T. gondii (ME49) cysts in the brains of mice, resulting in lower body weight loss compared to ME49 control group. These results indicate that previous exposure to P. berghei (ANKA) induce resistance to subsequent T. gondii (ME49) infection.
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Animals , Humans , Mice , Amino Acid Sequence , Antibody Formation , Body Weight , Brain , Immunoglobulin G , Malaria , Membranes , Parasites , Plasmodium berghei , Plasmodium , Toxoplasma , ToxoplasmosisABSTRACT
Asthma is considered a chronic inflammatory airway disease. Mounting evidence reports that patients with asthma are at significantly higher risk of developing communicable diseases such as invasive pneumococcal disease, Haemophilus influenza, varicella, measles, pertussis and tetanus. While impaired innate immunity may play a role in increased risk of developing these infections, suboptimal adaptive immune responses have also been reported to play a role in asthmatic subjects with regard to increased risk of infections. This review discusses the currently underrecognized immunological effect of asthma on antibody to vaccines and recommends that clinicians be aware of less optimal antibody production in response to vaccines in subjects with asthma.
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Humans , Antibody Formation , Asthma , Chickenpox , Communicable Diseases , Haemophilus , Immunity, Innate , Influenza, Human , Measles , Tetanus , Vaccines , Whooping CoughABSTRACT
Objective To investigate whether a novel sequential immunization strategy was more superior to the traditional immunization strategy in eliciting immune responses by using domainⅢof dengue envelope proteins (EDⅢs) as immunogens. Methods EDⅢ subunit proteins of four serotypes of dengue viruses (DENVs) were expressed in a baculovirus expression system. SDS-PAGE and Western blot were performed to analyze the purity and specificity of purified recombinant proteins, respectively. In order to evaluate the immunogenicity of EDⅢ-based immunization strategies, female BALB/c mice were subcutane-ously immunized with PBS,tetravalent mixture of four EDⅢrecombinant proteins,or the four EDⅢproteins sequentially for four times with two weeks interval between each immunization. Two-week after the final im-munization,splenocytes were isolated and analyzed by ELISPOT assay to evaluate T cell responses and serum samples were collected for plaque reduction neutralization test(PRNT). Results Both immunization strate-gies of sequential EDⅢproteins and tetravalent EDⅢproteins could elicit stronger antigen-specific Th2(IL-4) cell responses in immunized mice than PBS did and the former was superior to the latter. Only the se-quential immunization strategy could induce Th2 cell responses in immunized mice against peptide segments of DENV2 EDⅢ. Tetravalent EDⅢ proteins performed better than the sequential immunization strategy in inducing higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against DENV-1,DENV-2 and DENV-3,while both immu-nization strategies failed to generate neutralizing antibodies against DENV-4. Conclusion Sequential immu-nization with DENV EDⅢ proteins induced stronger T cell responses, but weaker neutralizing antibody re-sponses against DENV than tetravalent EDⅢ proteins did.
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Rabies remains an important worldwide health problem. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was developed as a vaccine vector in animals by using a reverse genetics approach. Previously, our group generated a recombinant NDV (LaSota strain) expressing the complete rabies virus G protein (RVG), named rL-RVG. In this study, we constructed the variant rL-RVGTM, which expresses a chimeric rabies virus G protein (RVGTM) containing the ectodomain of RVG and the transmembrane domain (TM) and a cytoplasmic tail (CT) from the NDV fusion glycoprotein to study the function of RVG's TM and CT. The RVGTM did not detectably incorporate into NDV virions, though it was abundantly expressed at the surface of infected BHK-21 cells. Both rL-RVG and rL-RVGTM induced similar levels of NDV virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) after initial and secondary vaccination in mice, whereas rabies VNA induction by rL-RVGTM was markedly lower than that induced by rL-RVG. Though rL-RVG could spread from cell to cell like that in rabies virus, rL-RVGTM lost this ability and spread in a manner similar to the parental NDV. Our data suggest that the TM and CT of RVG are essential for its incorporation into NDV virions and for spreading of the recombinant virus from the initially infected cells to surrounding cells.
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Animals , Humans , Mice , Antibody Formation , Cytoplasm , Glycoproteins , GTP-Binding Proteins , Newcastle disease virus , Newcastle Disease , Parents , Rabies virus , Rabies , Reverse Genetics , Tail , Vaccination , VirionABSTRACT
The present study describes the development of DNA vaccines using the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) genes from AF2240 Newcastle disease virus strain, namely pIRES/HN, pIRES/F and pIRES-F/HN. Transient expression analysis of the constructs in Vero cells revealed the successful expression of gene inserts in vitro. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that single vaccination with the constructed plasmid DNA (pDNA) followed by a boost with inactivated vaccine induced a significant difference in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody levels (p < 0.05) elicited by either pIRES/F, pIRES/F+ pIRES/HN or pIRES-F/HN at one week after the booster in specific pathogen free chickens when compared with the inactivated vaccine alone. Taken together, these results indicated that recombinant pDNA could be used to increase the efficacy of the inactivated vaccine immunization procedure.
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Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Chlorocebus aethiops , Chickens , HN Protein/genetics , Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology , Newcastle Disease/immunology , Newcastle disease virus/enzymology , Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms , Vaccines, DNA/genetics , Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology , Vero Cells , Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics , Viral Vaccines/geneticsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: One of the most important tools against foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious and variable viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is vaccination. However, the effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on slowing the spread of the disease is questionable. In contrast, high potency vaccines providing early protection may solve issues with the spread of the disease, escaping mutants, and persistency. To increase the potency of the vaccine, additives such as saponin and aluminium hydroxide are used. However, the use of saponin with an oil adjuvant is not common and is sometimes linked to toxicity. QS-21, which is less toxic than Quil A, has been presented as an alternative for use with saponin. In this study, the addition of QS-21 to a commercially available foot-and-mouth disease water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccine was evaluated in cattle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After vaccination, serum samples were collected periodically over 3 months. Sera of the QS-21 and normal oil vaccine groups were compared via serum virus neutralization antibody titre and liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titre. RESULTS: The results showed that there was a significant early antibody increase in the QS-21 group. CONCLUSION: Strong early virus neutralizing antibody response will be useful for emergency or ring vaccinations against foot-and-mouth disease in target animals.
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Animals , Cattle , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Antibody Formation , Emergencies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Foot-and-Mouth Disease , Saponins , United Nations , Vaccination , Vaccines , Virus DiseasesABSTRACT
The immunological alteration in vaccinated dogs with single hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum (A. c) and conjunct infection with Trypanosoma congolense (T. c) and Trypanosoma brucei (T. b) was determined. Sixteen dogs grouped into 4 of 4 members each were used. Group 1 was the uninfected control, GPII was infected with A. c, GPIII was infected with A. c /T. c, and GPIV was infected with T. b/A. c. The dogs were first inoculated with canine distemper (CD) vaccine before infection with A. c 4 weeks post vaccination. Two weeks later, both GPIII and GPIV were superposed with trypanosome infection. Prepatent period of A. c was 14 to 16 days in single A. c group and 13 to 14 days in conjunct trypanosome/A. c. The prepatent period of conjunct T. c/A. c was 9.00±1.10 days and 3.00±1.40 days, in conjunct T.bb/A. c. The protective antibody against CDV was considered using haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) titer >100 as a cut off for seroconversion. At one week post vaccinations, the antibody titer against canine distemper (CDV) and anti-rabies in all the vaccinated groups (GPI, GPII, GPIII, and GPIV) significantly increased (p<0.05) and peaked at 3 weeks post vaccination. Subsequently, there was gradual significant decrease (p<0.05) in all the infected groups (GPII, GPIII and GPIV). The decrease in the conjunct groups (GPIII and GPIV) was higher compared to the single infections (GPII). Treatment with diminazene aceturate and mebendazole in all the groups did not significantly (p<0.05) improve antibody response in the dogs. A secondary vaccination administered at 12 weeks post- primary vaccination significantly increased (p<0.05) the antibody titer with a peak 3 weeks post- secondary vaccination. In conclusion, both trypanosomes and A. c induced primary immune suppression in antibody response to vaccination which improved on secondary vaccination in the infected dogs.
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Objective To study the influence of different routes of keyhole limpet hemocyanin ( KLH) immuniza-tion on the T-cell-dependent antibody response in mice.Methods SPF Kunming mice were divided into four groups: the intravenous injection group, subcutaneous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and control group.Each mouse was injected 200 μg KLH intravenously, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally daily for consecutive 10 days, respectively. Mice in the control group were given solvent injection only.Serum concentration of IgG stimulated by KLH antigen was measured 7 days after the last dosing.Spleen was isolated to calculate the organ coefficient and examined by pathology u-sing hematoxylin and eosin staining.Results Intravenously, subcutaneously and intraperitoneally administered KLH stimu-lated the generation of secondary lymphoid follicles and germinal center to varying degrees, B cell apoptosis, increased a-mount of cells in the marginal zone and other pathological changes were observed in the spleen.Intravenous and intraperito-neal administration of KLH led to more pronounced pathological changes compared with that in the subcutaneous injection group.All of the three administration routes of KLH induced generation of IgG antibody, significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05).Intravenous injection of KLH generated the highest concentration of IgG and organ coefficient among the three administration routes ( P<0.05) .Conclusions Different immunization routes do affect the production of IgG antibody, organ coefficient and pathological changes in the spleen, and these differences should be taken into consider-ation when analyzing the T cell dependent antibody response in mice.
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Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a major economic problem in several countries. Antibody responses are useful indicators of M. bovis infection of cattle. To overcome drawback of serological tests with low sensitivity, identification and characterization of multiple serodiagnostic antigens has been required. In this study, the antigens with strong antibody reactivity were searched using fractionation of M. bovis culture filtrate proteins and probing with sera from M. bovis-infected cattle. Twelve proteins which have not previously been described as serologic targets were identified and six proteins among them were expressed in Escherichia coli. The mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) with strong seroreactivity in cattle was identified and purified. IgG and IgA responses against the newly identified proteins, the seroreactive proteins with strong antibody reactivity in human tuberculosis, and LAM were compared in M. bovis-infected and non-infected cattle as well as in field samples. In general, sensitivity of the tested antigens was higher in M. bovis-infected cattle than purified protein derivative (PPD) (+) field samples. Although a diverse reactivity and sensitivity according to the antigens were shown, the diagnostic utility of both IgA and IgG antibody to the antigens was similar in M. bovis-infected cattle but utility of IgG antibody was superior to that of IgA in field samples. The antigen with the highest diagnostic value was LAM in both the groups. Other antigens with considerable diagnostic utility were BCG_3488c, BCG_2330, Antigen 85, HspX, and Rv3593 when considered the sensitivity and area under the receiver characteristic curve (AUC) value. These antigens may be valuable candidates to be included in a cocktail test kit for bovine tuberculosis diagnosis.
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Animals , Cattle , Humans , Antibody Formation , Diagnosis , Escherichia coli , Immunoglobulin A , Immunoglobulin G , Mycobacterium bovis , Serologic Tests , Tuberculosis , Tuberculosis, BovineABSTRACT
La falla de respuesta anticorpórea frente a antígenos polisacáridos es una inmunodeficiencia primaria humoral definida como una pobre respuesta frente a antígenos polisacáridos contenidos en la vacuna antineumocócica de 23 serotipos, con inmunoglobulinas normales y respuesta adecuada frente a antígenos proteicos. Las manifestaciones clínicas reportadas incluyen infecciones sinopulmonares recurrentes, infecciones sistémicas y asma. El objetivo de esta presentación es describir las manifestaciones clínicas y la evolución en una cohorte de pacientes con falla de respuesta anticorpórea frente a antígenos polisacáridos diagnosticados y seguidos en nuestro centro entre 1998 y 2012.
Specific antibody deficiency is a common antibody immunodeficiency defined as a poor antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharides antigens present in the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine, with normal immunoglobulins and normal response to protein antigens. Clinical manifestations include recurrent sinopulmonary infections, severe infections and asthma. The aim of this presentation is to describe clinical manifestations and evolution of a cohort of children with specific antibody deficiency diagnosed and followed in our center between 1998 and 2012.
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Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Pediatrics , Polysaccharides , Respiratory Tract Infections , Immunologic Deficiency SyndromesABSTRACT
Majority of the patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) in Bangladesh. Dialysis patients are at high risk for contracting blood borne infection including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibody response of hepatitis C virus infection in patients on MHD by detecting different viral markers in blood. A total of 88 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)were recruited from BIRDEM and BSMMU during the period from June 2006 to June 2007. Of them 63 patients on MHD and 25 predialysis patients were taken as cases and controls respectivly. Anti-HCV antibody were positive in 38% of dialysis patients but none of the controls were positive for Anti-HCV. When HCV positive MHD patients (38%) were compared to HCV negative MHD patients (62%), it showed that HCV positive patients had longer duration of dialysis (24±25 vs 9±6 months, p<0.001), increased number blood transfusions (29±34 vs 10±9 units, p<0.004) and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase level (35±23 vs 20±9 U/L, p=0.001). Implementing comprehensive infection control program by routine screening of the CKD patients, safe blood transfusion program, reducing transfusion of blood by use of erythropoietin and proper disinfection and cleaning of hemodialysis units may reduce the infection by HCV Virus.
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Objective To compare the antibody response between adults with hepatitis B virus(HBV)core antibody(anti-HBc)single positivity and healthy adults after primary immunization and revaccination of hepatitis B vaccine(HepB). Methods Adults aged from 18 to 49 who were both negative for HBV surface antigen(HBsAg)and antibody to HBsAg(anti-HBs),but positive for anti-HBc and narrated no history of HepB immunization by themselves,were selected as single anti-HBc positive group(‘anti-HBc alone’). Adults who were negative for HBsAg,anti-HBs and anti-HBc,with age differences within 2 years,and same gender under the 1 ∶ 1 matching program, were selected to form the control group. Both groups were vaccinated on 0-1-6 schedule with the same HepB. Those who were non-response to HepB at primary immunization were revaccination on 0-1-6 schedule. Response rates and geometric mean concentrations(GMC)between the two groups were compared. Results In total,the number of anticipants were 228 pairs. Rates on non-response, low-response,normal-response and high-response after the primary immunization were 8.77%, 11.84%,31.14%and 48.25%in the control group respectively. The corresponding rates were 8.33%, 30.70%,35.96%and 25.00%in the‘anti-HBc alone’. The rate of low-response in the control group was lower than that in the‘anti-HBc alone’(χ2=22.28,P<0.01),while the rate of high-response was higher than that in the control group(χ2=24.43,P<0.01). GMC of anti-HBs in the control group (534.07 mIU/ml) was higher than that in the‘anti-HBc alone’(183.99 mIU/ml)(u=4.42,P<0.01). The anti-HBs conversion rates were 82.35% and 41.18% in the control group and in the‘anti-HBc alone’respectively after the first-dose revaccination,but increased to 90.00%and 82.35%after the third-dose revaccination. The anti-HBs conversion rates in the control group were higher than that in the‘anti-HBc alone’ after the first-dose revaccination (P<0.05),while there was no difference seen between the two groups after the third-dose revaccination (P>0.05). Conclusion Immune response in the anti-HBc positive adults after primary immunization was weaker than that in common adults. However,immune response induced by HepB was enough to prevent them from infecting HBV. The rates of response showed an obvious increase after revaccination,hence the same HepB immunization strategy could be used.
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Objective To compare the antibody response between adults with hepatitis B virus(HBV)core antibody(anti-HBc)single positivity and healthy adults after primary immunization and revaccination of hepatitis B vaccine(HepB). Methods Adults aged from 18 to 49 who were both negative for HBV surface antigen(HBsAg)and antibody to HBsAg(anti-HBs),but positive for anti-HBc and narrated no history of HepB immunization by themselves,were selected as single anti-HBc positive group(‘anti-HBc alone’). Adults who were negative for HBsAg,anti-HBs and anti-HBc,with age differences within 2 years,and same gender under the 1 ∶ 1 matching program, were selected to form the control group. Both groups were vaccinated on 0-1-6 schedule with the same HepB. Those who were non-response to HepB at primary immunization were revaccination on 0-1-6 schedule. Response rates and geometric mean concentrations(GMC)between the two groups were compared. Results In total,the number of anticipants were 228 pairs. Rates on non-response, low-response,normal-response and high-response after the primary immunization were 8.77%, 11.84%,31.14%and 48.25%in the control group respectively. The corresponding rates were 8.33%, 30.70%,35.96%and 25.00%in the‘anti-HBc alone’. The rate of low-response in the control group was lower than that in the‘anti-HBc alone’(χ2=22.28,P<0.01),while the rate of high-response was higher than that in the control group(χ2=24.43,P<0.01). GMC of anti-HBs in the control group (534.07 mIU/ml) was higher than that in the‘anti-HBc alone’(183.99 mIU/ml)(u=4.42,P<0.01). The anti-HBs conversion rates were 82.35% and 41.18% in the control group and in the‘anti-HBc alone’respectively after the first-dose revaccination,but increased to 90.00%and 82.35%after the third-dose revaccination. The anti-HBs conversion rates in the control group were higher than that in the‘anti-HBc alone’ after the first-dose revaccination (P<0.05),while there was no difference seen between the two groups after the third-dose revaccination (P>0.05). Conclusion Immune response in the anti-HBc positive adults after primary immunization was weaker than that in common adults. However,immune response induced by HepB was enough to prevent them from infecting HBV. The rates of response showed an obvious increase after revaccination,hence the same HepB immunization strategy could be used.